Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Offers Promising but Costly Alternative for Kazakhstan’s Oil Export, Experts Say

ASTANA – The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline is viewed by experts as a promising alternative for Kazakhstan’s oil exports, but its expansion comes with significant cost challenges, as...


Weekend Highlights: Must-Attend Activities in Astana and Almaty

ASTANA – Relax this weekend after a working week by visiting inspiring concerts and thought-provoking exhibitions to captivating spectacles. There is something for everyone to enjoy. The...


Kazakh Educator Receives Spain’s Prestigious Cultural Honor

ASTANA — Aizhan Kusainova-Oran, director of the Sin Fronteras Spanish Center, has become the second Kazakh citizen to receive Spain’s prestigious Order of Isabella the Catholic. Spanish...


Tokayev Reviews Outcomes of Kazakhstan’s Chairmanship in CSTO During Astana Session

ASTANA – Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev reviewed outcomes of the country’s chairmanship in the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) during a Nov. 28 CSTO Collective Security Council...


Kazakhstan, Russia Open Al-Farabi University Branch at Interregional Cooperation Forum

ASTANA – Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Russian President Vladimir Putin took part in the plenary session of the 20th Forum of Kazakhstan-Russia Interregional Cooperation, which was...


Kazakh & Russian Presidents Discuss Cooperation Prospects, Sign Joint Statement

ASTANA – Kazakhstan’s President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Russia’s President Vladimir Putin, who arrived in Kazakhstan on a state visit, discussed cooperation prospects in the trade and economic,...


Dimash Qudaibergen’s New Music Video Shows Beauty of Kazakh Land

ASTANA – Kazakh singer Dimash Qudaibergen unveiled his new music video for the song “Kieli Meken” (“Sacred Homeland” in Kazakh) on Nov. 27. “This project is a...


US Congress Considers Granting Kazakhstan Permanent Normal Trade Relations Status

ASTANA – The U.S. Congress is exploring ways to strengthen ties with Kazakhstan, including granting the country Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) status. However, progress is stalled...


Kazakh Tourism: Data Shows 50% Increase in Visitors from China

ASTANA – The number of Chinese tourists visiting Kazakhstan continues to rise; from January to October, the figure reached 550,000, exceeding the figure for 2023 with 367,000...


EDB Advances Key Projects in Central Asia: Investments, Water Management, and Energy Transition

ASTANA – Nikolai Podguzov, Chairman of the Management Board of the Eurasian Development Bank (EDB) and member of Kazakhstan’s Foreign Investors Council, shared his perspectives on Kazakhstan’s...


President Tokayev Meets with Russia’s President Ahead of High-Level Talks

ASTANA – Relations between Kazakhstan and Russia are based on a very solid foundation of strategic partnership and alliance, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev said during a narrow-format meeting...


Kazakhstan Establishes Visa-Free Regime with Saint Kitts and Nevis

ASTANA – Kazakhstan has approved an agreement on exemption from short-term visa requirements with Saint Kitts and Nevis, following a government resolution on Nov. 20, reported Online.zakon.kz....


Four Kazakh Restaurants Enter La Liste’s Top-1000 Restaurants 2025

ASTANA – The prestigious French restaurant ranking guide La Liste has included four Kazakh establishments in its Top-1000 Restaurants 2025 list, announced on Nov. 25. Ogonyok in...


“Money Heist” Director Starts Filming Netflix Movie About Karlag

ASTANA – Miguel Ángel Vivas, the acclaimed Spanish director of “Money Heist” (“La Casa de Papel”), has started filming “The Truce” (“La Tregua”), a Kazakh-Spanish movie about Karlag...


Astana Hub’s Revenue Surges 31-Fold to $2.3 Billion Over 5 Years

ASTANA – The Astana Hub International Technopark of IT startups demonstrates growth, with participant revenue soaring 31-fold to 1.2 trillion tenge ($2.3 billion) since its establishment in...


Kazakhstan Should Address Employment Challenges for People with Disabilities

Editor’s note: The Astana Times continues a section featuring articles by our readers. As a platform that values diverse perspectives and meaningful conversations, we believe that this...


Kazakhstan Allocates Recovered Funds to Build School in Atyrau Region

ASTANA – The Kazakh government will allocate two billion tenge (US$3.9 million) from returned illegally acquired assets to build a school for 150 students in the village...


Kazakhstan Reaffirms Support for UN Goals in Promoting Inter-civilizational Dialogue

ASTANA – Kazakhstan is ready to continue promoting the UN goals and objectives for inter-civilizational dialogue, said Maulen Ashimbayev, the chairman of the Senate, an upper house...


Kazakhstans IT Exports Surge: On Track for $600 Million in 2024

ASTANA – Kazakhstan’s IT services exports grew to $306 million in the first half of 2024. This volume is expected to exceed $600 million by year-end. Over...


Railway Upgrades to Bolster Kazakhstan’s Role in Global Logistics

ASTANA — Kazakhstan is implementing measures to enhance its transport connectivity through five main international railway corridors connecting Chinese markets with Europe and Central Asia, said Kazakh...


Kazakhstan Sets Strategic Course for Reviving and Preserving National Horse Breeds

ASTANA — Deputy Prime Minister Serik Zhumangarin held a Nov. 25 meeting to outline the strategic objectives and development plans for the Institute of Horse Breeding and...


Kazakhstan Expands Network of Terminals Along TITR

ASTANA – Kazakhstan is expanding a network of terminals along the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), also known as the Middle Corridor. Kazakh Transport Minister Marat Karabayev...


Turkistan Region Hosts Competition to Crown Fastest Tazy Dog

ASTANA — A competition showcasing the finest Tazy dogs, Kazakhstan’s iconic hunting greyhounds, concluded in the Turkistan Region on Nov. 25 with the crowning of Taimas as...


‘Energy in Transition’ Exhibition Concludes Central Asia Tour in Astana

ASTANA – The “Energy in Transition – Powering Tomorrow” traveling exhibition opened on Nov. 25 at Nazarbayev University in Astana – its final stop in Central Asia...


Dimash Qudaibergen Brings Stranger Show to Düsseldorf

ASTANA – Just two days after a sold-out performance in Prague, Kazakh singer Dimash Qudaibergen and his team held a solo concert in Düsseldorf on Nov. 24....


Project Sapphire: 30th Anniversary of US-Kazakh Mission to Promote Safer & More Secure World

ASTANA – This year marks the 30th anniversary of Project Sapphire. This landmark operation took place in 1994 and involved removing 600 kilograms of highly enriched uranium...


Almaty Hosts 17th Eurasia International Film Festival

ASTANA – The 17th Eurasia International Film Festival kicked off on Nov. 24 in Almaty, bringing together international actors, directors and producers. The opening ceremony featured a...


Trans-Caspian International Transport Route: First Container Train Leaves Baku for Xian on Return Trip

ASTANA – The first container train on the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route’s (TITR) return trip from Baku (Azerbaijan) to Xian (China) via Kazakhstan was officially launched on...


Kazakh Students Tackle Gender-Based Violence at UN Case Championship

ASTANA — A citywide case championship organized by United Nations (UN) agencies and local partners at the Maqsut Narikbayev University on Nov. 25 marked the start of...


Sustainable Transport Key to Achieving Asia-Pacific Region’s Development Ambitions

Across the Asia-Pacific region, especially in urban centers, electric cars and buses are increasingly replacing gasoline-powered ones as a means of transportation. Aided by the ubiquity of...


Kazakh Composer Wins Silver Medal of London’s Company of Musicians

ASTANA – Rakhat-Bi Abdyssagin, a Kazakh composer, pianist, and Bolashak scholarship recipient, became the first from Kazakhstan to receive the prestigious 2024 Silver Medal of the Worshipful...


Kazakh Foreign Policy Advances with Successful Visits to Serbia and Hungary

ASTANA – Kazakhstan’s President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev marked significant milestones last week with an official visit to Serbia and a state visit to Hungary. The agreements and discussions...


Kazakh Film Wins Best Cinematography Nomination at Asia World Film Festival

ASTANA – Zhanarbek Yeleubek received the Best Cinematography nomination for his work on the film “Bauyryna salu” (Adoption) at the Asia World Film Festival (AWFF), held on...


Kazakhstan Plans to Export 68.8 Million Tons of Oil This Year

ASTANA – Kazakhstan plans to export nearly 68.8 million tons of oil in 2024, based on production forecasts of 88.4 million tons, Kazakh Energy Minister Almassadam Satkaliyev...


Kazakh PM: Digital Solutions to Combat Shadow Economy, Improve Budget Efficiency

ASTANA – Prime Minister Olzhas Bektenov highlighted in a Nov. 25 meeting focused on digital solutions that these innovations are crucial in combating the shadow economy, improving...


Kazakhstan to Compensate Oil Overproduction Under OPEC+ Deal Until 2025

ASTANA – Kazakhstan will address its accumulated overproduction of oil under the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) agreement by September 2025 as part of a...


Kazakhstan Set to Expand Business Partnership with Croatia

ASTANA – Kazakh Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Murat Nurtleu met with Prime Minister of Croatia Andrej Plenković on Nov. 22 to discuss enhancing political dialogue...


Kazakhstan Marks 30 Years of UN Child Rights Convention

ASTANA – The Kazakh Foreign Ministry hosted a ceremony to unveil a commemorative postage stamp block, marking the 30th anniversary of Kazakhstan’s ratification of the UN Convention...


Kazakh Citizens Assess Changes in Lifestyle Over Past 33 Years

ASTANA – Nearly three-quarters of Kazakhstan citizens surveyed recently by the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies (KazISS) positively assess the changes in their families over the past...


Magic of Social Dancing in Kazakhstan: Making Connections Through Movement

ASTANA – Imagine moving to a new city where you do not know anyone. Who can you talk to? Where can you find friends? The answer might...


Discover Aktau: Kazakhstan’s Key Port, Oil Hub and Future Capital of Turkic World

Editor’s Note: The Astana Times continues its series of articles, Exploring Kazakhstan, City by City, with a focus on the marvelous city of Aktau. We aim to...


Jibek Joly Tourist Train Sets Off on First Journey via Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan

ASTANA – A tourist train, dubbed Jibek Joly (Silk Road), departed from Almaty on Nov. 16 on a five-day journey via Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, reported the press...


What COP29 in Baku Taught Me About Climate Action (and Inaction)

There is something surreal about attending a global climate event like COP29. One day, you are reporting on the massive floods that hit your home country, Kazakhstan,...


Bayanaul’s Balbals: Stone Guardians of Ancient History

ASTANA — The majestic mountains of Bayanaul have long attracted travelers with their beauty and mystery. However, not everyone knows that these lands conceal a rich legacy...


Naz State Dance Theater Celebrates 25 Years with Premiere of Aldar Kose

ASTANA — The Naz State Dance Theater celebrated its 25th anniversary with the premiere of “Aldar Kose,” a choreographic performance that beautifully combines traditional Kazakh dance with...


Kazakh Documentary Film Wins Awards at California Best Shorts Competition

ASTANA – The Kazakh documentary film “Shekteusiz Umit” (Endless Hope) directed by Marat Teleuov received the award of merit at California-based Best Shorts Competition in the Documentary...


Nobel Fest, Teacher’s Summit Illuminate Astana with Global Innovations

ASTANA — The Nobel Fest and Teacher’s Summit: World Knowledge Week commenced in Astana on Nov. 21, bringing together global experts and thought leaders to discuss pressing...


Kazakh President Announces Measures to Ensure Nation’s Security  

ASTANA – President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev instructed the Prime Minister, the Head of the Executive Office of the President, the heads of all law enforcement agencies...


Weekend Wonders: Top Things to Do This November Weekend

ASTANA – Astana and Almaty are set to host an extraordinary weekend filled with captivating events and experiences. From classical music concerts and sports leagues to ballets,...


Astana-Milan 2024 Roadshow Promotes Kazakhstan’s Tourism

ASTANA – Milan hosted the Astana – Milan 2024 roadshow on Nov. 19 aimed at developing cooperation between Kazakhstan and Italy in the tourism sector. The event...


News Digest: Foreign Media on Kazakh President’s Visit to Serbia & Hungary, Amur Tigers and More

ASTANA – The Astana Times has curated a selection of articles from global media outlets covering Kazakhstan. This week’s foreign media digest includes topics such as the...


Kazakh PM Outlines Priorities for Diversifying Kazakhstan’s Economy

ASTANA – Kazakh Prime Minister Olzhas Bektenov discussed government’s plans to build a diversified economy, develop high-value industries and increase non-resource exports during a Nov. 21 plenary...


Kazakhstan Marks Milestones in Children’s Rights Protection

ASTANA – Kazakhstan celebrated the 35th anniversary of the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on Nov. 20. This year also...


Kazakh, Croatian Ministers Set New Impetus to Cooperation

ASTANA – Kazakh Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Murat Nurtleu and Croatian Minister of Foreign and European Affairs Gordan Grlić-Radman met in Zagreb on Nov. 21...


National Bank Explains Why Inflation in Kazakhstan Remains High

ASTANA – Despite the overall downward trend during the year, annual inflation in Kazakhstan rose to 8.5% in October, up from the previous month, Deputy Governor of...


Kazakhstan Releases Record Number of Nearly 90 Films This Year

ASTANA – Kazakhstan released a record number of nearly 90 films in 2024, which is 1.5-fold more than 60 movies produced last year, film critic Karim Kadyrbayev...


Kazakhstan’s Trade with CICA Countries Grows to $82 billion

ASTANA – Kazakhstan’s trade with the member states of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA) reached nearly $82 billion in 2023, which is...


Turkic World Business Women to Launch Digital Platform

ASTANA – The Women Entrepreneurs Board (WEB) of the Union of Turkic Chambers of Commerce and Industry (TCCI) signed a crucial memorandum of cooperation to launch the...


Cardiff University to Open Branch in Kazakhstan

ASTANA – Cardiff University signed an agreement with the Qualified Centre of Education Public Foundation (QCEF) on Nov. 20 to establish its branch in Astana, marking the...


Kazakhstan, Hungary Set $1 Billion Trade Turnover Goal

ASTANA – President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev announced plans to bring trade turnover with Hungary to $1 billion at a joint media briefing with Prime Minister of Hungary Viktor...


Kazakhstan Set to Boost Cargo Transit to Europe with New Terminal

ASTANA – Kazakhstan Temir Zholy (KTZ) national railway company is expanding its terminal network in Europe through a new memorandum of cooperation in transport and logistics signed...


Kazakh, Hungarian Presidents Outline Key Areas to Boost Multilateral Cooperation

ASTANA – President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and President of Hungary Tamás Sulyok highlighted priority areas to strengthen multilateral cooperation between their nations during a Nov. 20...


Quryltay-2024 Brings Together Ethnic Kazakhs From Southeast, East Asia in Kuala Lumpur 

ASTANA – Kuala Lumpur hosted the inaugural Quryltay-2024 (Congress in Kazakh) conference on Nov. 18, bringing together ethnic Kazakhs from Southeast and East Asia. According to Kazinform,...


New Soyle App Offers Multilingual Translation from Kazakh with Enhanced Data Security

ASTANA – The Institute of Smart Systems and Artificial Intelligence (ISSAI) at Nazarbayev University presented Soyle App, a multifunctional application for speech recognition, voice synthesis, text and...


Kazakhstan’s Oil Transportation Volume Reaches 57.8 Million Tons in 10 Months

ASTANA – Kazakhstan’s major oil pipeline system transported 57.8 million tons of oil between January and October. Domestic refineries received more than 26% of the transported oil,...


Kazakh Government Allocates Returned Assets to Complete Construction of Ridder Hospital

ASTANA – The Kazakh government allocated 28.2 billion tenge ($57 million) from recovered illegally acquired assets to complete the construction of a hospital complex initiated in 2021...


Kazakh President’s Visit to Hungary Strengthens Partnership Between Nations 

ASTANA — Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev arrived in Hungary for a state visit on Nov. 19, marking another step in strengthening the evolving partnership rooted in shared...


Neo Nomad Visa: New Prospects for Digital Nomads

ASTANA – Kazakhstan’s Neo Nomad Visa, introduced on Nov. 1, provides new prospects for digital nomads. This new visa, classified as category B12-1, allows remote workers worldwide...


Kazakhstan Steps Up Efforts to Advance Science & Technology

ASTANA – Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Olzhas Bektenov convened a meeting of the High Science and Technology Commission to discuss the development of science and technology and...


Kazakhstan, Serbia Expand Partnership With Focus on Investment, Trade & Agriculture

ASTANA – Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić identified priority areas for cooperation, including investment, industry, mining, agriculture, healthcare, innovations, and new technologies at...


President Tokayev Pays State Visit to Hungary

ASTANA – President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev arrived in Hungary on a state visit on Nov. 19. Upon arrival, President Tokayev and Prime Minister of Hungary Viktor...


President Tokayev’s First Visit to Serbia Opens New Chapter in Bilateral Ties

ASTANA – President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev highlighted the significance of his first official visit to Serbia as the head of state, describing it as the beginning of a...


Aktau Named Cultural Capital of Turkic World for 2025

ASTANA – Aktau received the status of the cultural capital of the Turkic world in 2025 at the 41st meeting of the member states of the International...


Astana, Belgrade: 28 Years of Strategic Partnership

ASTANA — Kazakhstan and Serbia mark 28 years of diplomatic relations characterized by steady growth in political, economic and cultural collaboration. Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev’s visit to...


Kazakhstan to Launch First Forest Climate Project

ASTANA – SEFE Marketing & Trading international energy company signed an Emission Removal Purchase Agreement (ERPA) with Kazakhstan’s SAFC – agency to remove and reduce greenhouse gas...


Kazakhstan Ranks 28th in Global Pension Index 2024, Outperforming US and Saudi Arabia

ASTANA – Kazakhstan’s pension system took the 24th position out of 48 countries in the annual Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index (MCGPI), published on Oct. 15....


Witnessing a Living Legend: Bibigul Tulegenova’s Eternal Melody

ASTANA — The Grand Hall of the Astana Opera radiated with celebration and reverence on Nov. 17, as Kazakhstan honored one of its most beloved cultural icons,...


Kazakhstan to Host 17th Eurasia International Film Festival This Month

ASTANA — The 17th Eurasia International Film Festival: Cinema Without Borders will be held in Kazakhstan from Nov. 24 to 30, according to the festival’s press service....


President Tokayev Pays Official Visit to Serbia

ASTANA – President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev arrived in Serbia on an official visit on Nov. 18, reported Akorda. He met with President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić to discuss...


Petroglyph Nature Park at Almaty’s Botanical Garden Depicts Kazakh History

ASTANA – The Arkalan Petroglyph Nature Park has opened in the main Botanical Garden of Almaty. The Petroglyph Nature Park is a joint project of the Institute...


National Bank’s Digital Tenge Gains Popularity Among Consumers

ASTANA – The turnover of transactions in digital tenge will exceed 200 billion (US$401.1 million) by the end of the year, said Binur Zhalenov, chief digital officer...


Central Asian Nations See Strong Economic Progress, Expanding Trade Potential

Central Asian countries are experiencing significant economic progress, with trade within the region expanding 2.5 times over the past decade, reaching nearly $11 billion. Diverse economies, common...


Risotto Milano Astana: A Culinary Celebration of Italian-Kazakh Friendship

ASTANA – The Embassy of Italy in Kazakhstan hosted an exquisite dinner at Selfie Astana featuring the signature Risotto Milano Astana. This dish beautifully symbolizes the cultural...


Start-Up Developed by Kazakh Innovator Wins Award at EIBF Champion of Champions Contest

ASTANA – The FilTerra project, developed by Niyaz Kanayev, a 23-year-old Kazakh innovator and the University of Bath student, and Tim Girling, received a runner-up award in...


Young Chinese Researchers Study at Almaty-Based Satbayev University

ASTANA – Five PhD students from China are doing research at the Satbayev University’s Mining and Metallurgical Institute, named after O.A. Baikonurov, on innovative technologies and new...


Returned Assets Fund Kindergarten for Aktobe Special Needs Children

ASTANA – The Kazakh government allocated 7.8 billion tenge ($15.6 million) from recovered illegally acquired assets to finance the construction of a kindergarten for children with special...


Kazakh Students Research Legislative Reforms Addressing Domestic Violence

ASTANA — A group of students from Astana schools has completed a four-month study on Kazakhstan’s legislative efforts to combat domestic violence, examining the evolution of laws...


Faces Behind Curtains: Astana Opera’s Crew Brings Art to Life Through Hard Work and Innovation

ASTANA – Behind the red curtains of Astana Opera is a universe of dedicated crew who work tirelessly to ensure that every costume fits perfectly, every makeup...


Kazakh Food: More Than a Meal, It’s a Taste of Home

Almaty’s Auyl restaurant, recently named one of the 16 Most Beautiful Restaurants in the World by Prix Versailles, captures the neo-nomadic spirit of Kazakh cuisine. Inspired by...


Kazakhstan Celebrates 130 Years of Writer Beimbet Mailin – Advocate of Social Justice in Kazakh Soviet Literature

ASTANA – Kazakhstan marks the 130th anniversary of Beimbet Mailin, a renowned Kazakh poet, writer and playwright who championed the struggles of women and the poor in...


Fitch Affirms Kazakhstan’s BBB Rating with Stable Outlook

ASTANA – Fitch Ratings has affirmed Kazakhstan’s Long-Term Foreign-Currency Issuer Default Rating (IDR) at BBB with a Stable Outlook. According to the rating action commentary published on...


Discover Kazakhstan’s Top Ski Resorts as Snow Season Approaches

ASTANA – Winter has arrived in parts of Kazakhstan, marking the perfect time to pull out ski gear and enjoy winter sports. In recent years, ski resorts...


Nagimbek Nurmukhamedov: Celebrating 100 Years of Kazakh Artistic Visionary

ASTANA — Kazakhstan celebrates the 100th anniversary of Nagimbek Nurmukhamedov, a distinguished figure in Soviet and Kazakh visual arts, with a series of events dedicated to his...


Kazakhstan Enters Top Ten Countries Worldwide for Internet Accessibility 

ASTANA – Kazakhstan has entered the top ten countries with the lowest cost for one gigabyte (GB) of mobile data, according to the 2024 MoneySuperMarket Internet Accessibility...


President Highlights Priorities for Kazakhstan’s Agriculture Development

ASTANA – President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev outlined key priorities to advance Kazakhstan’s agro-industrial complex at the first Forum of Agricultural Workers on Nov. 15, reported Akorda. Despite the...


Kazakhstan’s Special Representative Addresses Ministerial Dialogue on Climate Finance at COP29

BAKU – Zulfiya Suleimenova, the advisor to the President of Kazakhstan – Special Representative of the President on International Environmental Cooperation, stressed the importance of transitional finance...


Discover Amazing Weekend Events in Astana and Almaty

ASTANA – Astana and Almaty are buzzing with anticipation for a weekend brimming with cultural events. Whether you’re into live concerts, theatrical performances, art exhibits or local...


Role of Islamic Trade Finance in Empowering SMEs in Central Asia

Central Asia’s economic promise is growing. With foreign investors taking note, this could unlock the potential of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the region. However, there...


Mitsubishi Corporation to Expand Presence in Kazakhstan

ASTANA – Mitsubishi Corporation expressed interest in expanding its presence in Kazakhstan and launching new initiatives to support the region’s sustainable development, CEO of Mitsubishi Corporation in...


News Digest: Foreign Media on Kazakhstan’s Participation in COP29, Kazakh-EU Diplomatic Ties and More

ASTANA – The Astana Times has curated articles from global media outlets covering Kazakhstan. This week’s foreign media digest includes Kazakhstan’s participation in the 29th United Nations...